Back matterReferences

Entries marked reported are cited second-hand, through the source named in the citation, and were not consulted directly.

Sakhalin Ainu

Primary sources and studies of the language this grammar describes.

  • Ainu Bunka Shinkō Kenkyū Suishin Kikō アイヌ文化振興・研究推進機構 (FRPAC). 2014. アイヌ語教材テキスト「カラフトのアイヌ語」（入門・初級・中級）[Ainu language teaching materials: Sakhalin Ainu (introductory, beginner and intermediate volumes)]. Sapporo: Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2016. On the innovative nature of Sakhalin Ainu: Focusing on nominalization. Studia Orientalia 117: 95–117.
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1942. アイヌ語法研究——樺太方言を中心として[A study of Ainu grammar, centred on the Sakhalin dialect]. 樺太庁博物館報告 [Reports of the Karafuto Government Museum] 4(4): 51–172. Toyohara. Reprinted in 知里真志保著作集 3 (Heibonsha, 1973).
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2018. Ainu evidentiality: A semantico-pragmatic analysis and a morphosyntactic account. Doctoral dissertation, SOAS University of London. London.
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2021. The development of analytic negatives in Sakhalin Ainu. In Jeon, Hae-Sung, Pete Sells, Zixi You, Sotaro Kita & Jaehoon Yeon (ed.), Japanese/Korean Linguistics 28. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2021a. The language and folklore of West Sakhalin Ainu: A re-edition of Kyōko Murasaki's Karafuto Ainugo with translation and grammatical notes. Munich: LINCOM. Annotated re-edition, with English translation, of Murasaki 1976.
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2024. Elements of Sakhalin Ainu phonetics, phonology, and morphosyntax in Bronisław Piłsudski’s corpus of Ainu folklore. In Calvetti, Paolo (ed.), Philological and linguistic analysis working together: Exploring language diversity in Japan (Ca’ Foscari Japanese Studies 24) 53–80. Venice: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2025a. The mixed nominative-neutral-inverse morphological alignment of Sakhalin Ainu. Studia Orientalia 126: 187–218.
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2025b. Negation in Sakhalin Ainu: History and typology. Studia Orientalia Electronica 13: 38–64.
  • Dobrotvorsky, Mikhail M. Добротворский, М. М.. 1875. Аинско-русский словарь[Ainu–Russian dictionary]. Kazan Казань: Kazan University.
  • Furukawa Kyōko 古川恭子. 1967. アイヌ語カラフトライチシカ方言シンタクス[Syntax of the Sakhalin Raychishka dialect of Ainu]. 言語研究 [Gengo Kenkyū: Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan] 50: 100–120. Furukawa Kyōko is the maiden name of Murasaki Kyōko.
  • Hattori Shirō 服部四郎. 1961. アイヌ語カラフト方言の「人称接辞」について[On the “personal affixes” of the Sakhalin dialect of Ainu]. 言語研究 [Gengo Kenkyū: Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan] 39: 1–20.
  • Iwai Toshiaki 岩井俊昭, Asakura Toshimitsu 朝倉利光, Ifukube Tōru 伊福部達 & Kawashima Toshio 川嶋稔夫. 1987. ピウスツキ蠟管の音声再生と録音内容——レーザビーム反射法による光学式音声再生[Sound-reproduction from Bronisław Piłsudski’s recordings and their contents: Reproduction of sound from old wax cylinders using the laser-beam reflection method]. 国立民族学博物館研究報告別冊 [Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology, special issue] 5: 147–163.
  • Kitahara Jirōta Mokottunas 北原次郎太 (ed.). 2016. Wada Bunjirō: Karafuto ainu setsuwashū 3[Wada Bunjirō: Collection of Karafuto Ainu folktales, vol. 3]. Sapporo: Aynu Teetawanoankur Kanpinuye Cise. Cited after Dal Corso (2025b). reported
  • Majewicz, Alfred F. (ed.). 1998. The collected works of Bronisław Piłsudski, vol. 3: Materials for the study of the Ainu language and folklore 2. Trends in Linguistics: Documentation 15-3. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Cited after Dal Corso (2025b). reported
  • Murasaki Kyōko 村崎恭子. 1976. カラフトアイヌ語[Sakhalin Ainu]. Tokyo: Kokusho Kankōkai. Materials volume (資料篇), with cassette tapes.
  • Murasaki Kyōko 村崎恭子. 1979. カラフトアイヌ語——文法篇[Sakhalin Ainu: Grammar volume]. Tokyo: Kokusho Kankōkai.
  • Murasaki Kyōko 村崎恭子. 2009. 樺太アイヌ語の数詞について[On the numerals of Sakhalin Ainu]. In Tsumagari Toshirō 津曲敏郎 (ed.), サハリンの言語世界——北大文学研究科公開シンポジウム報告書 [The linguistic world of Sakhalin] 71–84. Sapporo: Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University.
  • Murasaki Kyōko 村崎恭子. 2013. 藤山ハル口述 カラフトアイヌ語例文集 1[Short sentences in Sakhalin Ainu spoken by Fujiyama Haru, vol. 1]. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies (online publication).
  • Murasaki Kyōko 村崎恭子. 2025. エンチウ（樺太アイヌ）語会話入門【改訂版】[An introduction to Enciw (Sakhalin Ainu) conversation, revised edition]. Kushiro: Fujita Insatsu Excellent Books.
  • Murasaki Kyōko 村崎恭子 (ed. & tr.). 1996. 浅井タケ昔話全集 1：話者の絶えた樺太アイヌ語資料集成[The complete folktales of Asai Take, vol. 1: A compilation of Sakhalin Ainu materials from a language whose speakers are gone]. Yokohama: 私家版 [privately published]. First edition; revised and completed as Murasaki 2001.
  • Murasaki Kyōko 村崎恭子 (ed.). 2001. 改訂浅井タケ昔話全集 I・II[The complete folktales of Asai Take, vols. I–II, revised edition]. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim (ELPR) Publication Series A2-010. Suita: Osaka Gakuin University.
  • Piłsudski, Bronisław. 1912. Materials for the study of the Ainu language and folklore. Cracow: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
  • Piłsudski, Bronisław. 1998. The collected works of Bronisław Piłsudski, vol. 2: Materials for the study of the Ainu language and folklore (Cracow 1912). In Majewicz, Alfred F. (ed.), Trends in Linguistics: Documentation 15-2. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒. 2019. 山本多助筆録アイヌ語樺太方言テキスト(1)——「カラフト・ウベベケレ（オㇷ゚ケ ネワ イコロ ウペペケレ）」[A Sakhalin Ainu text recorded by Yamamoto Tasuke (1): the Karafuto upepekere “Opke newa ikoro upepekere”]. 北方人文研究 [Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities] 12: 111–121. Sapporo: Hokkaido University.
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒. 2020a. アイヌ語樺太方言におけるutaraの用法[The uses of utara in Sakhalin Ainu]. 北方言語研究 [Hoppō gengo kenkyū: Northern language studies] 10: 187–202.
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒. 2020b. アイヌ語樺太方言における名詞複数接尾辞ahcinの用法[The uses of the nominal plural suffix -ahcin in Sakhalin Ainu]. 北方人文研究 [Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities] 13: 1–19.
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒. 2020c. ピウスツキ採集のアイヌ語樺太方言民話テキスト——「カレイ男とカジカ男」[A Sakhalin Ainu folktale text collected by Piłsudski: “The flatfish man and the sculpin man”]. 千葉大学大学院人文公共学府研究プロジェクト報告書 354『ユーラシア諸言語の類型論的記述』 [Chiba University research project reports 354: Typological description of Eurasian languages] 43–69. Chiba.
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒. 2021. 『アイヌ語ロシア語辞典』中のアイヌ語樺太方言テキスト[Sakhalin Ainu texts in the Ainu–Russian dictionary (of Dobrotvorsky)]. アイヌ語・アイヌ文化研究の課題 [Issues in Ainu language and culture studies]（千葉大学大学院人文公共学府研究プロジェクト報告書 358） 43–55. Chiba: Chiba University.
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒. 2022. アイヌ語樺太方言における数詞と計算[Numerals and calculation in Sakhalin Ainu]. 北方人文研究 [Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities] 15: 63–84.
  • Sakaguchi Ryō 阪口諒. 2024. 樺太アイヌ語における人称と数の標示に関する研究[A study of person and number marking in Sakhalin Ainu]. Doctoral dissertation, Chiba University.
  • Satō, Tomomi. 1985. The first person objective affix in- in the East Coast dialects of Sakhalin Ainu. Proceedings of the International Symposium on B. Piłsudski’s Phonographic Records and the Ainu Culture 157–167. Sapporo: Hokkaido University.
  • Sentoku Tarōji 千徳太郎治. 1929. 樺太アイヌ叢話[Collected accounts of the Sakhalin Ainu]. Tokyo: Shikōdō Ichikawa Shōten 市光堂市川商店.
  • Tamura Masashi 田村雅史. 1999. 樺太アイヌ語の借用語について——ウイルタ語・ニヴフ語との関係を中心に[On loanwords in Sakhalin Ainu, with special reference to the Uilta and Nivkh connections]. 北方言語研究 [Northern language studies] 別冊. Cited after Shiraishi & Tangiku (2022). reported
  • Tangiku Itsuji 丹菊逸治. 1998. アイヌ語樺太西海岸方言の-rV音節で終る動詞について[On verbs ending in -rV syllables in West-coast Sakhalin Ainu]. 千葉大学ユーラシア言語文化論集 [Chiba University Eurasian languages and cultures studies] 1: 222–234.
  • Tangiku Itsuji 丹菊逸治 & Ogihara Shinko 荻原眞子. 2001. 千徳太郎治のピウスツキ宛書簡——「ニシパ」へのキリル文字の手紙[Sentoku Tarōji’s letters to Piłsudski: Letters in Cyrillic script to “nispa”]. 千葉大学ユーラシア言語文化論集 [Chiba University Eurasian languages and cultures studies] 4: 187–226.

Hokkaidō Ainu

Works on Hokkaidō varieties, cited for contrast only.

  • Batchelor, John. 1938. An Ainu–English–Japanese dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 4th edition.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2012. Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In Tranter, Nicolas (ed.), The languages of Japan and Korea 461–509. London: Routledge.
  • Dal Corso, Elia. 2020. The interaction of relativization and noun incorporation in Southern Hokkaidō Ainu. In Pappalardo, Giuseppe & Patrick Heinrich (ed.), European approaches to Japanese language and linguistics. Venice: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.
  • Refsing, Kirsten. 1986. The Ainu language: The morphology and syntax of the Shizunai dialect. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2008. アイヌ語文法の基礎[Foundations of Ainu grammar]. Tokyo: Daigaku Shorin.
  • Tamura, Suzuko. 2000. The Ainu language. Tokyo: Sanseido.
  • Urata Yū 浦田遊 (ed.). 1998. アイヌ・モシリ——幻のアイヌ語誌復刊[Ainu mosir: Reprint of the lost Ainu-language journal]. Kushiro: Kushiro Ainu Bunka Konwakai.

Pan-Ainu, comparative and methodological works

Dialectology, reconstruction, typology, and conventions.

  • Asai Tōru 浅井亨. 1974. Classification of dialects: Cluster analysis of Ainu dialects. 北方文化研究 [Bulletin of the Institute for the Study of North Eurasian Cultures] 8: 45–136. Sapporo: Hokkaido University.
  • Austerlitz, Robert. 1976. L'appellation du renne en ghiliak. Études finno-ougriennes 13: 25–28. Cited after Janhunen (2022). reported
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2010. Ainu applicatives in typological perspective. Studies in Language 34(4): 749–801. reported
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2015. An equivalent of the standard-of-comparison relativization in Ainu.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2017. Noun-modifying clause constructions in Ainu. In Matsumoto, Yoshiko, Bernard Comrie & Peter Sells (ed.), Noun-Modifying Clause Constructions in Languages of Eurasia: Rethinking theoretical and geographical boundaries (Typological Studies in Language 116) 203–250. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Bugaeva, Anna. 2021. Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific. Linguistic Typology 25(2): 263–305.
  • Bugaeva, Anna (ed.). 2022. Handbook of the Ainu language. Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics 12. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1952. アイヌ語に於ける母音調和[Vowel harmony in Ainu]. 北方文化研究報告 [Reports on Northern Culture Studies] 7. Sapporo: Hokkaido University. Page references follow the reprint in 知里真志保著作集 4 (Heibonsha, 1974).
  • Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1973. 知里真志保著作集 3：生活誌・民族学編[Collected works of Chiri Mashiho, vol. 3]. Tokyo: Heibonsha.
  • Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath & Balthasar Bickel. 2015. The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  • Croft, William. 1991. The evolution of negation. Journal of Linguistics 27(1): 1–27. reported
  • Givón, Talmy. 1978. Negation in language. In Cole, Peter (ed.), Syntax and Semantics, vol. 9: Pragmatics 69–112. New York: Academic Press. reported
  • Givón, Talmy. 1980. The binding hierarchy and the typology of complements. Studies in Language 4(3): 333–377. reported
  • Gruzdeva, Ekaterina. 1996. The linguistic situation on Sakhalin Island. In Wurm, Stephen A., Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon (ed.), Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, vol. II: Texts 1007–1012. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Hattori Shirō 服部四郎. 1967. アイヌ語の音韻構造とアクセント[The phonological structure and accent of Ainu]. 音声の研究 [Onsei no Kenkyū: Study of Sounds] 13: 207–223. Phonetic Society of Japan.
  • Hattori Shirō 服部四郎 (ed.). 1964. アイヌ語方言辞典[An Ainu dialect dictionary]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
  • Hattori Shirō 服部四郎 & Chiri Mashiho 知里真志保. 1960. アイヌ語諸方言の基礎語彙統計学的研究[A lexicostatistic study of the Ainu dialects]. 民族學研究 [Japanese journal of ethnology] 24(4): 307–342.
  • Itabashi Yoshizō 板橋義三. 2001. 樺太アイヌ語の母音の長短と北海道アイヌ語のピッチアクセントとの史的関係（1）——両アイヌ方言の音韻における史的関係の解明に向けての研究序説[The historical relation between Sakhalin Ainu vowel length and Hokkaidō Ainu pitch accent, part 1]. 言語文化論究 [Studies in Languages and Cultures, Kyushu University] 14: 87–103.
  • Janhunen, Juha A.. 2022. Ainu ethnic origins. In Bugaeva, Anna (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄. 1984. アイヌ語の名詞句の構造と合成名詞[The structure of noun phrases and compound nouns in Ainu]. 言語研究 [Gengo Kenkyū: Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan] 86: 105–121.
  • Kirikae Hideo 切替英雄. 1997. アイヌによるアイヌ語表記[The writing of Ainu by the Ainu]. 国文学 解釈と鑑賞 [Japanese literature: interpretation and appreciation] 62(1): 99–107. Tokyo: Shibundō.
  • Kitahara Jirōta 北原次郎太, Tamura Masashi 田村雅史, Tamura Masato 田村将人, Tangiku Itsuji 丹菊逸治 & Tamura Suzuko 田村すず子 (eds.). 2003. アイヌ語樺太・名寄・釧路方言の資料——藤山ハルさん・山田ハヨさん・北風磯吉さん・徹辺重次郎さんの口頭文芸・語彙・民族誌[Materials on the Sakhalin, Nayoro and Kushiro dialects of Ainu: Oral literature, vocabulary and ethnography of Fujiyama Haru, Yamada Hayo, Kitakaze Isokichi and Tetsube Jūjirō]. ELPR Publication Series A2-039. Suita: Osaka Gakuin University. Recordings by Tamura Suzuko.
  • Lee, Sean & Toshikazu Hasegawa. 2013. Evolution of the Ainu language in space and time. PLOS ONE 8(4): e62243.
  • Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the world’s languages in danger, 3rd edn. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
  • Nakagawa Hiroshi 中川裕. 2006. アイヌ人によるアイヌ語表記への取り組み[Ainu efforts at writing the Ainu language]. 表記の習慣のない言語の表記 [Writing unwritten languages]. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
  • Noonan, Michael. 2007. Complementation. In Shopen, Timothy (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, vol. II: Complex constructions (2nd edition) 52–150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. reported
  • Ochiai Izumi 落合いずみ. 2021. Ainugo no sūshi saikō: nijisshinpō ni okeru kahō-sanpō kara jōhō-sanpō e no kirikae[Ainu numerals reconsidered: the switch from undercounting to overcounting in the vigesimal system].
  • Ono, Yohei. 2020. Reconsideration of “major division” of Ainu dialects: A statistical reanalysis of Asai (1974). 北方言語研究 [Hoppō gengo kenkyū: Northern language studies] 10: 231–254.
  • Satō Tomomi 佐藤知己. 2015. アイヌ語の合成語のアクセント規則とその例外について[On the accent rules of Ainu compounds and their exceptions]. アイヌ語研究の諸問題 [Problems in Ainu language research] 1–13.
  • Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shiraishi, Hidetoshi & Itsuji Tangiku. 2022. Language contact in the north. In Bugaeva, Anna (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Tangiku, Itsuji. 2022. Differences between Karafuto and Hokkaido Ainu dialects. In Bugaeva, Anna (ed.), Handbook of the Ainu language. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Veselinova, Ljuba. 2016. The Negative Existential Cycle viewed through the lens of comparative data. In van Gelderen, Elly (ed.), Cyclical change continued (Linguistics Today 227) 139–187. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. reported
  • Vovin, Alexander. 1993. A reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. Leiden: Brill.